XML
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a flexible markup language designed to store and transport data. Unlike HTML, XML allows custom tags defined by the developer. XML is verbose compared to JSON but supports validation via DTD and XML Schema, and namespaces for interoperability.
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HTML
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages. It defines the structure and semantic meaning of web content using elements represented by tags. Browsers parse HTML to render the visual structure of a page.
CSS
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the visual presentation of HTML documents. CSS controls layout, colors, typography, animations, and responsive design through a cascade of rules applied to HTML elements.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language that enables dynamic, interactive content on web pages. It runs in the browser via the JavaScript engine (V8, SpiderMonkey) and on the server via Node.js. It is the only scripting language natively supported by all browsers.
TypeScript
TypeScript is a strongly typed programming language built on top of JavaScript. Developed by Microsoft, it adds optional static typing, interfaces, generics, and decorators to JavaScript. TypeScript compiles to plain JavaScript and runs anywhere JavaScript runs.